Catabolism is the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler substances and energy release. Which option correctly identifies this process?

• A. Anabolism
• B. Catabolism
• C. Metabolism
• D. Absorption

Answer: (B)

Breaking down complex nutrients to release energy is the catabolic aspect of metabolism. Catabolism refers to the degradative pathways that break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy stored in chemical bonds. This is distinct from anabolism, which builds larger molecules from smaller ones using energy, and from absorption, which is simply taking substances into the body. Metabolism is the umbrella term for all chemical processes in living organisms, including both catabolic and anabolic reactions. Since the description focuses on degradation with energy release, the term that best fits is catabolism.